Introduction: The early prediction of prognosis in the intensive care unit (ICU) is very important. Pediatric oncology patients with pulmonary complications have high risks for mortality. We aimed to find the clinical factors related with mortality and to determine the usefulness of the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score and Pediatric Logistic Organ Dysfunction ( PELOD) score in pediatric oncology patients who needed intensive care. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of pediatric oncology patients admitted to the ICU of a tertiary hospital in Korea between 2014 and 2016. Patients admitted to the ICU for perioperative or non-pulmonary complications were excluded. Results: Thirty-six pediatric oncology patients were admitted to the ICU for pulmonary complications. Patients’ median age was 11.5 (IQR, 6.5–16) years, and 22 (61.1%) were boys. The median duration of ICU hospitalization was 9 (IQR, 5–21.3) days, and 24 patients (66.7%) needed mechanical ventilation. The mortality rate was 47.2% (17/36 patients). The factors related to increased mortality were the fraction of inspired oxygen, white blood cell count, absolute neutrophil count, hemoglobin level, hematocrit level, platelet count, blood urea nitrogen level, total bilirubin level, and D-dimer level. SOFA scores ( P=0.03) and PELOD scores ( P=0.05) were correlated with mortality. Conclusions: We can use the clinical factors measured when the patients are admitted to the ICU to estimate their clinical outcomes. Additionally, the SOFA scores and PELOD scores obtained on ICU admission were useful for the early prediction of mortality.